Kalmomin sauti na gama gari da makirufo
Kayayyaki da fasahohin da ake amfani da su don sarrafa tunanin sauti da sake maimaitawa a cikin daki. Ya haɗa da sha (kumfa, panels), watsawa (filaye marasa daidaituwa), da tarkon bass.
Misali: Sanya faifan sauti a wuraren tunani na farko yana inganta ingancin rikodi.
Na'urar da ke canza siginar sauti na analog zuwa dijital (kuma akasin haka) tare da inganci mafi girma fiye da katunan sauti na kwamfuta. Yana ba da abubuwan shigar XLR, ƙarfin fatalwa, da ƙarancin latency.
Misali: Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 sanannen hanyar kebul na kebul na tashoshi 2 ne.
Hanyar haɗin sauti ta amfani da madugu uku (tabbatacce, korau, ƙasa) don ƙin tsangwama da hayaniya. Ana amfani dashi a cikin igiyoyi na XLR da ƙwararrun sauti.
Misali: Daidaitaccen haɗin XLR na iya tafiyar ƙafa 100 ba tare da lalata sigina ba.
Har ila yau ake kira Figure-8 tsarin. Yana ɗaukar sauti daga gaba da baya, yana ƙin daga bangarori. Yana da amfani ga tambayoyin mutum biyu ko ɗaukar sautin ɗaki.
Misali: Sanya masu magana biyu suna fuskantar juna tare da siffa-8 mic a tsakanin su.
Adadin ragowa da aka yi amfani da su don wakiltar kowane samfurin odiyo. Zurfin bit mafi girma yana nufin mafi girman kewayo da ƙarancin hayaniya.
Misali: 16-bit (digar CD) ko 24-bit (rikodin sana'a)
Tsarin ɗauka mai siffar zuciya wanda ke ɗaukar sauti da farko daga gaban makirufo yayin ƙin yarda da sauti daga baya. Mafi yawan ƙirar iyakacin duniya.
Misali: Cardioid mics sun dace don ware mai magana ɗaya a cikin yanayi mai hayaniya.
Hargitsi da ke faruwa lokacin da siginar sauti ya wuce iyakar matakin da tsarin zai iya ɗauka.
Misali: Yin magana da ƙarfi a cikin mic na iya haifar da yankewa da karkatacciyar sauti
Mai sarrafa sauti mai jiwuwa wanda ke rage kewayo mai ƙarfi ta hanyar juya sassa masu ƙarfi, yana sa matakin gabaɗaya ya zama daidai. Mahimmanci don ƙwararrun rikodin sauti.
Misali: Yi amfani da kwampreta rabo na 3:1 don ma fitar da kuzarin murya.
Nau'in makirufo ta amfani da capacitor don canza sauti zuwa siginar lantarki. Yana buƙatar iko (fatalwa), mafi mahimmanci, mafi kyawun amsa mitar. Mafi dacewa don muryoyin studio da cikakken rikodin rikodin.
Misali: Neumann U87 sanannen babban marufo mai ɗaukar hoto ne.
Mai sarrafa sauti mai jiwuwa wanda ke rage sibilance ta hanyar damfara manyan mitoci (4-8 kHz) kawai lokacin da suka wuce kofa.
Misali: Aiwatar da de-esser don tada tsattsauran sautin S a cikin rikodin murya.
Sirarriyar membrane a cikin makirufo mai girgiza don amsa raƙuman sauti. Manyan diaphragms (1") sun fi zafi kuma sun fi hankali; ƙananan diaphragms (<1") sun fi daidai da daki-daki.
Misali: An fi son na'urori masu girma-diaphragm don muryoyin watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo.
Nau'in makirufo ta amfani da induction electromagnetic (motsi mai motsi a filin maganadisu). Rugged, babu wutar da ake buƙata, yana ɗaukar babban SPL. Mai girma don yin raye-raye da tushe mai ƙarfi.
Misali: Shure SM58 shine makirufo mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi na masana'antu.
Bambanci tsakanin mafi natsuwa da ƙarar sauti da makirufo zai iya ɗauka ba tare da murdiya ba.
Misali: An auna a decibels (dB); mafi girma shine mafi kyau
Tsarin haɓakawa ko rage takamaiman kewayon mitoci don tsara yanayin sautin sauti. Matsakaicin wuce gona da iri suna cire rumble, yanke yana rage matsaloli, yana haɓaka haɓakawa.
Misali: Aiwatar da matattara mai tsayi a 80 Hz don cire ƙaramar ƙaranci daga muryoyin murya.
Ƙarfin sautin da aka auna a cikin Hertz (Hz). Ƙananan mitoci = bass (20-250 Hz), matsakaici = jiki (250 Hz - 4 kHz), babban mitoci = treble (4-20 kHz).
Misali: Matsalolin muryar maza na asali sun bambanta daga 85-180 Hz.
Kewayon mitoci da makirufo zai iya ɗauka, da kuma yadda yake sake fitar da su daidai.
Misali: microbi mai amsawar 20Hz-20kHz yana ɗaukar cikakken kewayon jin ɗan adam
Ana amfani da haɓakawa zuwa siginar makirufo. Matsakaicin ribar da ta dace tana ɗaukar sauti a mafi kyawun matakan ba tare da yankewa ko ƙarar hayaniya ba.
Misali: Saita ribar mic ɗin ku don haka kololuwar ta buga -12 zuwa -6 dB don kalmar magana.
Adadin sarari tsakanin matakan rikodi na yau da kullun da 0 dBFS (yankewa). Yana ba da tazara mai aminci don ƙarar sautin da ba zato ba tsammani.
Misali: Rikodin kololuwa a -12 dB yana ba da 12 dB na ɗakin kai kafin yankewa.
Juriya na lantarki na makirufo, wanda aka auna cikin ohms (Ω). Low impedance (150-600Ω) daidaitattun ƙwararru ne kuma yana ba da damar dogon kebul na aiki ba tare da lalata sigina ba.
Misali: Marufonin XLR suna amfani da ma'aunin ma'auni mara ƙarfi.
Jinkirta tsakanin shigarwar sauti da jin sa a belun kunne/lasifika, auna cikin millise seconds. Ƙananan ya fi kyau. Kasa da 10ms ba a iya gane su.
Misali: Kebul mics yawanci suna da latency 10-30ms; XLR tare da kewayon sauti na iya cimma <5ms.
Matsayin hayaniyar bango a cikin siginar mai jiwuwa lokacin da ba a yin rikodin sauti ba.
Misali: Ƙananan bene na amo yana nufin mafi tsabta, rikodin rikodin shiru
Tsarin polar wanda ke ɗaukar sauti daidai daga kowane kwatance (digiri 360). Yana ɗaukar yanayin ɗaki na halitta da tunani.
Misali: Mics na gaba ɗaya suna da kyau don yin rikodin tattaunawa ta rukuni.
Hanya na samar da wutar lantarki ga na'ura mai kwakwalwa ta hanyar kebul guda ɗaya wanda ke ɗaukar sauti. Yawanci 48 volts.
Misali: Na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto yana buƙatar ƙarfin fatalwa don aiki, mics masu ƙarfi ba sa
Fashewar iska daga baƙaƙe (P, B, T) wanda ke haifar da ƙaramar ƙara a cikin rikodi. An rage ta amfani da filtattun pop da dabarar mic.
Misali: Kalmar "pop" tana ƙunshe da nau'in ɓawon burodi wanda zai iya wuce gona da iri na mic capsule.
Hankalin shugabanci na makirufo - inda yake ɗaukar sauti daga.
Misali: Cardioid (siffar zuciya), omnidirectional (duk kwatance), adadi-8 (gaba da baya)
Allon da aka sanya tsakanin lasifika da makirufo don rage sautin ɓacin rai (P, B, T) waɗanda ke haifar da fashewar iska da murdiya kwatsam.
Misali: Sanya matattarar pop inci 2-3 daga capsule mic.
Amplifier wanda ke haɓaka ƙaramar sigina daga makirufo zuwa matakin layi. Ingantattun preamps suna ƙara ƙaramar amo da launi.
Misali: Preamps na ƙarshe na iya kashe dubunnan amma yana ba da ingantaccen haɓakawa mai tsabta.
Ƙarfafa mitar bass wanda ke faruwa lokacin da tushen sauti yana kusa da makirufo mai jagora. Za a iya amfani da ƙirƙira don dumi ko ya kamata a kauce masa don daidaito.
Misali: Rediyo DJs suna amfani da tasirin kusanci ta hanyar kusanci da mic don zurfin murya mai dumi.
Nau'in makirufo ta amfani da sirin ribbon karfe wanda aka rataye shi a filin maganadisu. Dumi, sauti na halitta tare da siffa-8. Rarrabewa da kula da iskar iska/fatalwa.
Misali: Ribbon mics suna da daraja don santsi, sautin na yau da kullun akan muryoyin murya da tagulla.
Ƙarar sautin da aka auna cikin decibels. Matsakaicin sautin SPL shine mafi ƙarar sauti da makirufo zai iya ɗauka kafin murdiya.
Misali: Tattaunawa ta al'ada shine game da 60 dB SPL; wasan kwaikwayo na rock shine 110 dB SPL.
Yawan lokutan da ake aunawa da adana sauti a cikin daƙiƙa guda. An auna a Hertz (Hz) ko kilohertz (kHz).
Misali: 44.1kHz yana nufin samfurori 44,100 a sakan daya
Nawa fitarwar lantarki da makirufo ke samarwa don wani matakin matsin sauti da aka bayar. Ƙarin mics suna samar da sigina masu ƙarfi amma suna iya ɗaukar ƙarin hayaniyar ɗaki.
Misali: Na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto yawanci suna da mafi girman hankali fiye da mics masu ƙarfi.
Tsarin dakatarwa wanda ke riƙe makirufo da keɓe shi daga girgizawa, sarrafa hayaniya, da tsangwama na inji.
Misali: Dutsen girgiza yana hana sautin buga madannai da ɗauka.
Harsh, karin sauti "S" da "SH" a cikin rikodin. Ana iya ragewa tare da sanya mic, de-esser plugins, ko EQ.
Misali: Jumlar "Ta sayar da seashells" yana da sauƙi ga sibilance.
Rabo tsakanin siginar sauti da ake so da bene a hayaniyar baya, wanda aka auna a decibels (dB). Maɗaukakin ƙima suna nuna mafi tsaftataccen rikodi tare da ƙaramar ƙara.
Misali: Ana ɗaukar mic mai 80 dB SNR mai kyau don yin rikodin ƙwararru.
Matsakaicin tsarin jagora fiye da cardioid tare da ƙaramin lobe na baya. Samar da ingantacciyar ƙin yarda da gefe don ware hanyoyin sauti a cikin mahalli masu hayaniya.
Misali: Makarufan Shotgun don fim suna amfani da tsarin hypercardioid.
Haɗin sauti ta amfani da madugu biyu (sigina da ƙasa). Mai saurin kamuwa da tsangwama. Na kowa a cikin kayan masarufi tare da igiyoyi 1/4" TS ko 3.5mm.
Misali: Kebul na gitar yawanci ba su daidaita kuma yakamata a kiyaye su ƙasa da ƙafa 20.
Murfin kumfa ko Jawo wanda ke rage hayaniyar iska a cikin rikodi na waje. Mahimmanci don rikodin filin da tambayoyin waje.
Misali: Gilashin iska na "matattu" na iya rage hayaniyar iska da 25 dB.
Madaidaicin mai haɗa sauti mai fil uku da ake amfani da shi a cikin ƙwararrun sauti. Yana ba da ƙin yarda da amo kuma yana ba da damar doguwar tafiya ta kebul. Daidaita don ƙwararrun makirufo.
Misali: XLR igiyoyi suna amfani da fil 1 (ƙasa), 2 (tabbatacce), da 3 (mara kyau) don daidaita sauti.
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